Forward genetics: Start the research with an organism (eg. diseased or natural mutant) and then work backward to discover the genetic basis for it. Reverse genetics, where specific genes are modified or manipulated to study their effects on a phenotype.
Propionic acid promotes larval survival (in low-nutrient food i.e. low yeast). Propionic acid is detected by Laravel chemoreceptors Or30a and Or94b. This propionic acid activity works on Dmel, but not on D. suzukii. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5660182/#:~:text=Propionic%20acid%20in%20the%20culture,medium%20(6.5%25%20yeast).
Typically in centromeres and telomerase. Highly repetitive sequence. Have much fewer genes than euchromatin. Can silence gene expression of euchromatin. Heterochromatin increase with age and are more in males. source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7274899/
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